In January of 2022, reports surfaced in the Arabic-speaking world of a large administrative building excavated along the center of Wadi Naṣb, which is located in southwestern Sinai and was under the control of the Egyptians in antiquity (see red dot below, at Bîr Naṣb). The excavators suggested that the building served as the headquarters for the leader of the Egyptian mining expeditions during the Middle Kingdom (Dynasties 11–13), from ca. 2045–1674 BC or within these parameters.

    Throughout most of their history, the Egyptians launched mining expeditions—primarily for extracting turquoise from rock formations—into southwestern Sinai. The two principal sites for these mines were Maghara and Serâbîṭ el-Khâdim. The nearby site of Bîr Naṣb served as the water source for the miners during their trips to the turquoise mines. The water at Bîr Naṣb primarily was fed by Wadi Naṣb, a seasonal river that remained dry for most of the year.

     The square-shaped administrative building (see image below) consisted of huge blocks of sandstone, while the floor was comprised of stone tiles extending over an area of approximately 225 m² (2,422 ft²). The building consisted of two floors, and four copper ingots (each weighing up to 3 lbs.) were found to have been left on the second floor. Three copper-extraction caves were discovered in the vicinity of the building, one of whose rooms contained a workshop for processing turquoise.

     During the presence of the Hyksos in Egypt (ca. 1668–1560 BC), the building was looted, with some of its contents destroyed. The building was refurbished and reoccupied during the New Kingdom (ca. 1560–1069 BC), then exploited again during the time of a Medo-Persian king named Cyrus the Great (ca. 559–530 BC), who issued the decree for the Israelite exilics to return to Judah from Babylonia and to rebuild the Temple (Ezr 1:1-4), and whom God called "my shepherd" (Isa 44:28). The excavators found traces of copper-smelting furnaces dating to this period of use. The building also was used during the Roman era, when some internal modifications were introduced to it, including the separation of walls between the halls.

     In some rooms, turquoise-refining workshops were discovered, along with stones used to weigh the turquoise. The mining missions included up to 1,600 men, who served in numerous capacities. Some were studying the geology of the area, while others specialized in smelting minerals, and still others provided food for the expeditionary team. All of these functions are discussed in the ancient inscriptions that document the miners' activities and were discovered in the vicinity of the site.

     The reference to those who provided food for the expeditionary team fits perfectly with the contributions of my own research. Among the proto-consonantal Hebrew inscriptions that are translated in my book, The World’s Oldest Alphabet (Carta: Jerusalem, 2016), is Sinai 377, the world's oldest known alphabetic inscription, which dates to ca. 1840 BC and appears in the form of a steliform panel that was cut into the rock. Sinai 377 (see image below) was discovered by William Flinders Petrie at Wadi Naṣb (on a saddle about 800 m northeast of Bîr Naṣb) in 1905, then rediscovered and published by Georg Gerster in 1961.

     The best translation for this 4-letter steliform text is, “The baker has inscribed (this inscription).” The presence of bakers at Wadi Naṣb should be expected, as they would have needed water to bake bread for the expedition’s entire workforce. The administrative building along Wadi Naṣb thus adds credibility to my translation of Sinai 377 in The World’s Oldest Alphabet, as an inscription about a baker at Bîr Naṣb fits perfectly with an administrative building at Wadi Naṣb that was used by breadmakers to prepare bread for the miners.

     Without a doubt, my favorite letters in the New Testament are affectionately referred to as the prison epistles, which the apostle Paul wrote during his first imprisonment in Rome, probably in A.D. 61. This includes Philippians, Colossians, Ephesians, and Philemon. Philippians probably was composed first among them, likely in the middle of the year. The heart and soul of the letter involves Paul's desire to see the church at Philippi resolve the problems that created a lack of unity among them. One of the clearest signs of this problem in the letter is found in 4:2-3, where Paul urges two women in the church (Euodia and Suntuche) to live in harmony in the Lord, signifying that they were not experiencing a harmonious relationship at the time. He then encouraged one believer in the church there to work with these women, who had struggled with Paul in the cause of the gospel, to resolve their conflict.

     Unity is one of those elusive goals that most of us have on our list as something we desire to achieve or maintain, in every possible context. We want there to be unity in our marriages. The relationships in our immediate families seem to be spiraling downward if there is no unity. With our jobs, we struggle to keep going in to work day after day if unity is absent. Relationships with friends or acquaintances that are devoid of unity feel empty and lifeless. Most importantly of all, if we are not experiencing unity in our relationship with God, nothing in life appears to be completely in order. Unity is indispensable, and something we long to preserve. Yet, what is the secret to restoring unity when it is absent?

     Sadly, we often search for unity in all of the wrong ways. Sometimes, we try conflict-avoidance, but this is the emptiest of one-way streets, as if the problem(s) just naturally will resolve itself or go away. Other times, we attempt to ram our perspective down the throat of the person we love or with whom we want to be at peace. This route only moves us further away from achieving unity with that person. We even try sitting down with the person and talking through the issue completely, only to experience frustration when a genuine attempt at resolution simply ends up bearing no fruit because the conflict was not resolved. So, how in the wide world are we to experience unity, when all else fails?

     The answer is found within the heart and soul of the book of Philippians, where Paul makes the singularly most important point within the letter. In fact, the central theme for the entire book answers the question squarely and uniquely, as there is no other possible way to achieve unity than this. What is the theme of Philippians and the answer to the critical need in our relationships? The answer is this: unity comes only through humility. There is no other way. None. Where is this found in the book, and how is it to be fleshed out, you ask? Aha, with that sincere question, now we truly can get somewhere!

     The first sign of the theme is in 1:27, where Paul says that whether he comes or remains absent from the Philippian believers, they must stand firm in one spirit, laboring together for the faith of the gospel, literally in one soul. But how do they stand firm in one spirit? How can they work together in one soul, especially if conflict arises? These questions are answered for the readers in 2:2, when Paul says that he wants them to fill up his "joy, in order that they might think the same thing" as one another. He repeats this statement in 2:5, where he says, "Think this thing among you . . .". So, the solution for achieving and maintaining unity is for us to think the same thing as one another. That sounds wonderful, of course, but how can two completely different people, perhaps with totally different upbringings, think the same thing as one another? Is Paul implying that we should be robots programmed to act identically?

     I lived in Russia for about 10 years, starting in 1998, which is after the era of communism officially had ended. During the time of communism, Russia's citizens were encouraged to think the same thing, and that thing centered around Marxism and communistic ideals, an ideology that failed and eventually led to the downfall of the Soviet Union. Workers were encouraged not to work any harder than the person next them in the factories or offices, and disciplined if they did. Citizens were to have the same perspective on politics, religion, and culture. Dissenting from the norm often led to catastrophic consequences: possibly imprisonment, a trip to the gulags in Siberia, or even worse, all in the name of thinking the same thing and striving after national unity.

     However, this is not what Paul meant when he spoke of thinking the same thing. Instead, he was talking about something completely different, and he illustrated the concept with the examples of Jesus, himself, Timothy, and Epaphroditus, all as he worked his way through Philippians 2. How did Jesus model this? Although he existed in the form of God, he did not regard equality with God as something to be held onto tightly. Instead, he emptied himself, taking the form of a slave and coming into this world in the likeness of mankind. Moreover, he humbled himself, becoming submissive to the point of death, and even death in a cursed way, by dying on a cross (2:5-8).

     Why did he endure all of this? Ultimately, his highest priority was to reconcile mankind to God the Father, because we were at war with God. He knew that the only way to accomplish this was to come to earth as a man and die a sacrificial death as a sinless person who never once yielded to temptation, allowing him to become a worthy sacrifice so that his father would take out his wrath on Jesus, rather than on us. In other words, Jesus had to lose his life for us to gain eternal life with God. Just as Paul said, "thinking the one thing" means "______ing nothing according to selfishness or according to conceit, but in humility of mind regarding one another as being held above yourselves" (2:2b-3).

     We are not acting selfishly, thinking selfishly, talking selfishly, or anything else. So, if we want to reacquire unity in a relationship with someone else with whom there is a lack of harmony, the only way to achieve it is to humble ourselves before this person, which demonstrates that we value that person more than we value ourselves. While I was living in Russia, I observed a perfect way in which people on two different sides of an issue can accomplish unity by an act of humility. I invite you to listen to this example, which is recorded on a sermon I preached at a church near Dallas in November of 2021. Here is the link that will take you to that sermon: https://www.resonatelife.tv/previous-messages/unity-ft-dr-douglas-petrovich.

     Unity in earthly relationships occurs only when both people go on humbling themselves before the other person, which in itself demonstrates how they are thinking the same thing (2:2). Is there one or more relationships of yours that lack peace or are surviving without unity? Does this lack of unity eat you up inside like an invisible cancer? Are you desperately willing to do anything to bring about unity between you? If so, perhaps the step that needs to be taken is in your hands, not the other person's hands. If you want that person to think the same thing as you, namely that you value him/her as being more important than yourself, you almost certainly need to find a way to humble yourself before that person, doing anything possible to show that person how greatly you value him/her. Just give it a try.